Most of this is common sense when it comes to information design.

Gestalt Principles of perception – where similar elements are seen as a single chunk or group. The main focus of the Gestalt theory is the idea of ‘grouping’ how we tend to interpret an image or design in a certain way.

The main factors which influence grouping are:
1) Proximity – elements close to each other appear as groups.
2) Similarity – how items that are similar in some shape or form tend to be grouped.
3) Closure – items are gropued together if they tend to complete a pattern.
4) Simplicity – items organised into figures according to symmetry regularity and smoothness.

Law of symmetry
If an object is assymetrical the learner will waste time trying to find the problem instead of concentrating on the instruction. Chunking or grouping of information should follow logical pattern.